Forest ecosystem: Environmental sciences Notes, MCQ, Books, PDF

EVS Notes Unit I Multidisciplinary nature, Natural Resources, Forest resources, Water resources, Mineral resources, Food resources, Energy resources, Land resources, Role of an individual Unit II Introduction structure-function, Forest eco-system; Grassland ecosystem; Desert ecosystem; Aquatic ecosystems Unit III Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution

Forests are natural plant communities with the dominance of phanerophytes and occupy nearly 40% of the land. In India, the forests occupy roughly 10% of the total land area.

According to Champion and Seth (1968), Indian forests are of 11 types, which are classified on the basis of physiography, physiognomy floristics, habitat etc. The different components of forest ecosystems are as follows:

Abiotic components

These include inorganic and organic substances present in the soil and atmosphere. The climate (temperature, light, rainfall, etc.) and soil (minerals) vary from forest to forest. In addition to minerals, the occurrence of litter is a characteristic feature of the majority of forests.

Biotic components

a) Producers

These are mainly trees that show much species diversity and a greater degree of stratification, especially in tropical moist deciduous forests. Besides trees, there are also present shrubs and ground vegetation. In these forests, the producers include the dominant tree species such as Tectona grandis, Butea frondosa, Shorea robusta, and Lagerstroemia parviflora. In temperate coniferous forests, shrubs and ground flora are insignificant. In temperate deciduous forests the dominant trees are species of Quercus, Acer, Betula, Thuja, Picea, etc., whereas, in temperate coniferous forests, the producer trees are species of Abies, Picea, Pinus, Cedrus, Juniperus, Rhododendron, etc.

b) Consumers

These are as follows:
i) Primary consumers
These are the herbivores that include smaller animals feeding on tree leaves as ants, flies, beetles, leaf hoppers, bugs, spiders, etc., and larger animals grazing on shoots and/ or fruits of producers such as elephant, nilgai, deer, moles, squirrels, shrews, flying foxes, mongooses, etc.
ii) Secondary consumers
These are the carnivores like snakes, birds, lizards, foxes, etc. feeding on the herbivores.
iii) Tertiary consumers
These are the top carnivores like lions, tigers, etc., that eat carnivores of secondary consumers level.

c) Decomposers

These are a wide variety of microorganisms including fungi (species of Aspergillus, Polyporus, Alternaria, Fusarium, Trichoderma, etc.), bacteria (species of Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Clostridium, etc.), and actinomycetes (species of Streptomyces). The rate of decomposition in tropical and subtropical forests is more rapid than in temperate zones.

First Year B Pharm Notes, Syllabus, Books, PDF Subjectwise/Topicwise

F Y B Pharm Sem-I	F Y B Pharm Sem-II
BP101T Human Anatomy and Physiology I Theory	BP201T Human Anatomy and Physiology II – Theory
BP102T Pharmaceutical Analysis I Theory	BP202T Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry I Theory
BP103T Pharmaceutics I Theory	BP203T Biochemistry – Theory
BP104T Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Theory	BP204T Pathophysiology – Theory
BP105T Communication skills Theory	BP205T Computer Applications in Pharmacy Theory
BP106RBT Remedial Biology	BP206T Environmental sciences – Theory
BP106RMT Remedial Mathematics Theory	BP207P Human Anatomy and Physiology II Practical
BP107P Human Anatomy and Physiology Practical	BP208P Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry I Practical
BP108P Pharmaceutical Analysis I Practical	BP209P Biochemistry Practical
BP109P Pharmaceutics I Practical	BP210P Computer Applications in Pharmacy Practical
BP110P Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Practical
BP111P Communication skills Practical
BP112RBP Remedial Biology Practical

Forest ecosystem: Environmental sciences Notes, MCQ, Books, PDF