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Theories of acid-base indicators

Acid-base indicators are substances that change color depending on the acidity or basicity of a solution. There are several theories that explain how acid-base indicators work, including the Arrhenius theory, the Brønsted-Lowry theory, and the Lewis theory.

  1. Arrhenius Theory: This theory, proposed by Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius in 1884, defines an acid as a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+) in solution, and a base as a substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution. According to this theory, acid-base indicators are substances that change color when there is a change in the concentration of H+ or OH- ions in solution.
  2. Brønsted-Lowry Theory: This theory, proposed by Danish chemist Johannes Brønsted and English chemist Thomas Lowry in 1923, defines an acid as a substance that donates a proton (H+) in a chemical reaction, and a base as a substance that accepts a proton. According to this theory, acid-base indicators are substances that can be either weak acids or weak bases, and they change color when they undergo a protonation or deprotonation reaction.
  3. Lewis Theory: This theory, proposed by American chemist Gilbert Lewis in 1923, defines an acid as a substance that accepts a pair of electrons, and a base as a substance that donates a pair of electrons. According to this theory, acid-base indicators are substances that can act as Lewis acids or Lewis bases, and they change color when they undergo a reaction that involves the transfer of electrons.

Overall, these theories help explain how acid-base indicators work by describing the chemical properties of acids and bases and their interactions with other substances.

First Year B Pharm Notes, Syllabus, Books, PDF Subjectwise/Topicwise

F Y B Pharm Sem-IF Y B Pharm Sem-II
BP101T Human Anatomy and Physiology I TheoryBP201T Human Anatomy and Physiology II – Theory
BP102T Pharmaceutical Analysis I TheoryBP202T Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry I Theory
BP103T Pharmaceutics I TheoryBP203T Biochemistry – Theory
BP104T Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry TheoryBP204T Pathophysiology – Theory
BP105T Communication skills TheoryBP205T Computer Applications in Pharmacy Theory
BP106RBT Remedial BiologyBP206T Environmental sciences – Theory
BP106RMT Remedial Mathematics TheoryBP207P Human Anatomy and Physiology II Practical
BP107P Human Anatomy and Physiology PracticalBP208P Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry I Practical
BP108P Pharmaceutical Analysis I PracticalBP209P Biochemistry Practical
BP109P Pharmaceutics I PracticalBP210P Computer Applications in Pharmacy Practical
BP110P Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Practical
BP111P Communication skills Practical
BP112RBP Remedial Biology Practical

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B Pharmacy Notes (Subjectwise/Topicwise)

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