Understanding Preeclampsia: Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors
Pre-eclampsia, also called pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), is a serious pregnancy complication that typically develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy. It is characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to other organ systems, most often the kidneys. Although the exact cause of pre-eclampsia is unknown, it’s thought to be related to problems with the placenta, the organ that nourishes the developing baby.
Symptoms of pre-eclampsia:
- High blood pressure (above 140/90 mmHg) after 20 weeks of pregnancy, or if you already had chronic high blood pressure before pregnancy
- Significant protein in your urine (proteinuria)
- Sudden weight gain due to fluid retention
- Severe headaches
- Changes in vision, such as blurred vision or seeing spots
- Upper right abdominal pain
- Nausea or vomiting
- Shortness of breath
Risk factors for pre-eclampsia:
- First pregnancy
- Age 35 or older
- Obesity
- Previous history of pre-eclampsia, high blood pressure, or kidney disease
- Multiple pregnancy (twins, triplets, etc.)
- Diabetes or pre-diabetes
- Autoimmune diseases, such as lupus or antiphospholipid syndrome
Complications of pre-eclampsia:
- For the mother: Pre-eclampsia can lead to serious complications for the mother, including stroke, seizures, and HELLP syndrome (a combination of high liver enzymes, low platelets, and red blood cell breakdown).
- For the baby: Pre-eclampsia can restrict the baby’s growth and development. In severe cases, it can lead to premature birth or even death.
Treatment of pre-eclampsia:
There is no cure for pre-eclampsia, but the goal of treatment is to control the mother’s blood pressure and prevent complications. Treatment may include:
- Medication to lower blood pressure
- Bed rest
- Hospitalization in severe cases
- Delivery of the baby, if necessary
Prevention of pre-eclampsia:
There is no guaranteed way to prevent pre-eclampsia, but there are certain things you can do to reduce your risk, such as:
- Maintaining a healthy weight before and during pregnancy
- Eating a healthy diet
- Getting regular exercise
- Seeing your doctor regularly for prenatal care
If you are pregnant and experience any of the symptoms of pre-eclampsia, it is important to see your doctor or go to the hospital immediately. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent serious complications for both the mother and the baby.