Amyloid plaques
Amyloid plaques are a key feature of Alzheimer’s disease, but they also occur in other neurodegenerative conditions. Here’s what I can share about them:
What are amyloid plaques?
- Extracellular deposits of misfolded protein fragments called amyloid beta (Aβ) that build up between nerve cells in the brain.
- While their exact role in disease remains under investigation, they are thought to contribute to neuronal damage and dysfunction.
- Different types of Aβ exist, with Aβ42 considered particularly harmful due to its “stickiness” and propensity to form plaques.
How do they form?
- The process isn’t fully understood, but several factors are involved:
- Abnormal cleavage of a larger protein called Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) by specific enzymes.
- Impaired clearance of Aβ fragments by the brain’s waste disposal system.
- Genetic predispositions and environmental factors may contribute.
Impact on the brain:
- Plaques disrupt communication between neurons, leading to:
- Memory loss
- Cognitive decline
- Difficulty with thinking and reasoning
- In severe cases, dementia
Diagnosis and treatment:
- Currently, no cure exists for Alzheimer’s or other conditions with amyloid plaques.
- Diagnosis relies on various tools like cognitive testing, brain scans, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis.
- Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and slowing disease progression through medications and lifestyle interventions.
Research and future directions:
- Extensive research is underway to understand the role of amyloid plaques and develop therapies:
- Targeting Aβ production or its clearance.
- Immunotherapy to remove existing plaques.
- Early detection and intervention strategies.
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