Form of intracellular signalling: Paracrine

Form of intracellular signalling: Paracrine

Paracrine signaling is a form of cell signaling in which a signaling molecule is released by one cell and acts on neighboring cells. In humans, paracrine signaling is involved in many physiological processes, including development, immunity, and tissue repair. Some examples of paracrine signaling pathways in humans include:

1. Growth factor signaling: Growth factors are signaling molecules that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. In paracrine signaling, growth factors are released by one cell and act on neighboring cells to stimulate cell growth and differentiation. Dysregulation of growth factor signaling can contribute to the development of cancer.
2. Cytokine signaling: Cytokines are signaling molecules that regulate immune responses and inflammation. In paracrine signaling, cytokines are released by immune cells and act on neighboring cells to stimulate immune responses or inflammation. Dysregulation of cytokine signaling can contribute to the development of autoimmune disorders or chronic inflammation.
3. Neurotransmitter signaling: Neurotransmitters are signaling molecules that regulate communication between neurons. In paracrine signaling, neurotransmitters are released by neurons and act on neighboring neurons to transmit signals. Dysregulation of neurotransmitter signaling can contribute to the development of neurological disorders.
4. Wnt signaling: Wnt signaling is a highly conserved pathway that plays a critical role in development and tissue repair. In paracrine signaling, Wnt ligands are released by one cell and act on neighboring cells to promote cell proliferation and differentiation. Dysregulation of Wnt signaling can contribute to the development of cancer or developmental abnormalities.

Overall, paracrine signaling is a critical mechanism for regulating cell behavior and coordinating cellular processes in humans. Dysregulation of paracrine signaling can contribute to the development of a wide range of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurological disorders. Understanding the mechanisms of paracrine signaling is an important area of research for developing new therapies for these diseases.

First Year B Pharm Notes, Syllabus, Books, PDF Subjectwise/Topicwise

F Y B Pharm Sem-I	F Y B Pharm Sem-II
BP101T Human Anatomy and Physiology I Theory	BP201T Human Anatomy and Physiology II – Theory
BP102T Pharmaceutical Analysis I Theory	BP202T Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry I Theory
BP103T Pharmaceutics I Theory	BP203T Biochemistry – Theory
BP104T Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Theory	BP204T Pathophysiology – Theory
BP105T Communication skills Theory	BP205T Computer Applications in Pharmacy Theory
BP106RBT Remedial Biology	BP206T Environmental sciences – Theory
BP106RMT Remedial Mathematics Theory	BP207P Human Anatomy and Physiology II Practical
BP107P Human Anatomy and Physiology Practical	BP208P Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry I Practical
BP108P Pharmaceutical Analysis I Practical	BP209P Biochemistry Practical
BP109P Pharmaceutics I Practical	BP210P Computer Applications in Pharmacy Practical
BP110P Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Practical
BP111P Communication skills Practical
BP112RBP Remedial Biology Practical

Suggested readings:

• Intracellular signalling pathway activation by extracellular signal molecule
• Forms of intracellular signalling: Contact-dependent
• General principles of cell communication
• Basic terminologies used in pharmacovigilance
• Working and applications of biosensors in Pharmaceutical Industries