Malaria symptoms causative agent prevention
Female anopheles mosquito species
1. Periodic Fever
2. Periodic Chills
3. Enlargement of the spleen.
4. Secondary anaemia
Causative Agent: Female anopheles mosquito species:
- Plasmodium vivax,
- Plasmodium falciparum,
- Plasmodium P falciparum.
- Plasmodium ovale,
- Plasmodium malaria
Modes of Transmission:
- It is transmitted by the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. (Vector transmission).
- It can also be transmitted through infected needles and syringes and by blood transfusion.
Symptoms:
1. Periodic Fever
2. Periodic Chills
3. Enlargement of the spleen.
4. Secondary anaemia.
Prevention and Control:
- Control of disease by early diagnosis through examination of blood smear.
- Do not allow water to collect around the house and the locality.
- Immediate notification to health authority.
- Prevention of mosquito bite by either rubbing the mosquito repellant or using mosquito nets or destruction of mosquitoes by spraying DDT, BHC or Kerosene.
- All weeds and wild growth should be removed from the locality so as to eliminate the breeding places for mosquitoes.
- Hygienic measures like good drainage. This will prevent the stagnation of water where mosquitoes breed.
- Health education about proper drainage and sanitary measures.
- Treatment with antimalarial drugs like quinine and chloroquine.
The life cycle of malarial parasite:
The life cycle of the malarial parasite can be classified into:
- An asexual cycle which occurs in the infected host.
- A sexual life cycle which occurs in the mosquito.
Asexual cycle:
When a female anopheles mosquito bites a normal individual, it introduces sporozoites into circulation. The sporozoites are carried to the liver. They are converted into merozoites. The merozoites are then released in circulation. They enter red blood cells and multiply. The rupture of red blood cells releases more and more merozoites which coincides with the fever of malaria. Some of the merozoites differentiate into male and female sexual forms. These sexual forms are sucked when the mosquito bites an infected individual.
Sexual cycle:
In the mosquito, the microgametocytes and macrogamatocytes unite to form a zygote. The zygote develops into ookinete, oocyst and then into sporozoites. The sporozoite is introduced into circulation, when the mosquito bites a normal individual.
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Suggested readings
Recommended readings:
Molecular Pharmaceutics (Nano Tech and Targeted DDS)
Advanced Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics
Cosmetic and Cosmeceuticals
