Determination of Blood Pressure: Community Pharmacy, Remedial Biology Practical
Aim:
To measure the blood pressure by using a sphygmomanometer.
Requirements:
1. Stethoscope
2. Sphygmomanometer
1. STETHOSCOPE (Steth = Chest, Scope =Inspect)
The instrument was introduced in its present form by Laennec in 1819. The instrument has the following 3 parts:
(a) The chest piece: The chest price has 2 end pieces – a bell of the flat diaphragm, though some have only the diaphragm.
(b) The rubber tubing: In the commonly used stethoscope, a single soft-rubber pressure tube leads from the chest piece to a metal ‘Y’ shaped connector. The plastic diaphragm causes magnification of low-pitched sounds though it distorts them a little. The bell-shaped chest price conducts sounds without distortion but with little magnification.
(c) The ear frame: It consists of 2 curved metallic tubes joined together with a flat U shaped spring which keeps them pulled together. The upper ends of the tubes are curved so that they correspond to the curve of the external auditory meatus, i.e. they are directed downwards.
2. SPHYGMOMANOMETER (Commonly known as BP apparatus)
It is the instrument routinely used for recording arterial BP in humans. It consists of the following parts:
1. Mercury Manometer: The manometer is fitted in the lid of the instrument. One arm of the manometer is the reservoir for mercury – a broad and short well that contains enough Hg to be driven up in the other limb.
2. Graduated tube: The manometer glass tube is graduated in mm, from 0-300, each division representing 2 mm, though actually slig1tly less than 2 mm.
A stopcock between the two limbs, when closed, prevents the Hg from entering the glass tube. The one-way valve fitted at the top of the Hg well prevents the spilling of Hg when the lid is closed.
3. The Armlet (Rubber Bag, Riva Rocci Cuff): The ‘cuff’ as it is usually called, consists of an inflatable rubber bag, 24 cm X 12 cm which is fitted with two Rubber tubes – One connecting it to a mercury reservoir and the other to a rubber bulb.
The rubber bag is 12 cm wide which is enough to form a pressure cone that reaches the underlying artery even in a thick arm.
4. Air Pump (Rubber bulb): It is an oval-shaped rubber bulb of a size that conveniently fits into one’s fist. It has a one-way valve at its free end and a leaking valve with a knurled screw at the other, where the rubber tube leading to the cuff is attached.
The recommended width of the bag in the different age groups is as under:
Infants (below 1year) : 2.5 cm
Below 4 years: 5 cm
Below 8 years: 8 cm
Adults:12 cm.
Theory:
The term blood pressure (BP) refers to the force exerted by the blood as it presses against and attempts to stretch the walls of the blood vessels.
Principle:
A sufficient length of a single artery is selected in the arm or in the thigh. The artery is first compressed by inflating the rubber bag placed around the arm to stop the blood flow through the occluded section of the artery.
Procedure:
Time needed: 8 minutes
Measuring Blood Pressure
- Position
Make the subject sit or lie supine and allow 5 minutes for mental and physical relaxation.
- Adjustment to ZERO level
Open the lid of the apparatus until you hear the “click”. Release the lock on the Hg reservoir and check that the mercury is at the 0 levels. If it is above 0, subtract the difference from the final reading.
- Adjustment of CUFF position
Place the cuff around the upper arm, with the centre of the bag lying over the brachial artery, keeping its lower edge about 3 cm above the elbow.
- Raise the pressure
Palpate the radial artery at the wrist and feel its pulsations disappear, note the reading. Then raise the pressure up to 30-40 mm Hg.
- Release the pressure
Open the leak valve and control it so that the pressure gradually falls in steps of 2-3 mm. Note the reading when the pulse just reappears.
- Recording the pressure
Record the pressure in the other arm. Take 3 readings in each arm, deflecting the cuff for a few minutes between each determination.
Result:
The BP was found to be ______________.
Human Anatomy and Physiology Practical Syllabus
- Study of a compound microscope.
- Microscopic study of epithelial and connective tissue
- Microscopic study of muscular and nervous tissue
- Identification of axial bones
- Identification of appendicular bones
- Introduction to hemocytometry.
- Enumeration of white blood cell (WBC) count
- Enumeration of total red blood corpuscles (RBC) count
- Determination of the bleeding time
- Determination of clotting time
- Estimation of haemoglobin content
- Determination of blood group.
- Determination of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
- Determination of heart rate and pulse rate.
- Recording of blood pressure.
Remedial Biology Practicals
- Introduction to experiments in biology a) Study of Microscope b) Section cutting techniques c) Mounting and staining d) Permanent slide preparation 2. Study of cell and its inclusions 3. Study of Stem, Root, Leaf, seed, fruit, flower and their modifications 4. Detailed study of frog by using computer models 5. Microscopic study and identification of tissues pertinent to Stem, Root Leaf, seed, fruit and flower 6. Identification of bones 7. Determination of blood group 8. Determination of blood pressure 9. Determination of tidal volume
First Year B Pharm Notes, Syllabus, Books, PDF Subjectwise/Topicwise
First Year B Pharm Notes, Syllabus, Books, PDF Subjectwise/Topicwise