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Basic principles of genetic engineering

Genetic engineering is the process of manipulating the genetic material of an organism by introducing, removing or modifying specific DNA sequences, to produce a desired characteristic or trait. The basic principles of genetic engineering are:

  1. Isolation of DNA: The first step in genetic engineering is to isolate the DNA from the organism’s cells that contains the gene of interest. Various techniques such as cell lysis, centrifugation, and precipitation are used to extract DNA.
  2. Gene cloning: Once the DNA has been extracted, the gene of interest is cloned into a vector such as a plasmid. A vector is a DNA molecule that is used to transfer foreign DNA into another cell. The vector is then introduced into a host cell such as a bacteria, where it replicates and produces multiple copies of the gene.
  3. Gene editing: Gene editing is a technique that allows scientists to make precise changes to the DNA sequence of an organism. One of the most popular gene editing techniques is CRISPR/Cas9, which uses a guide RNA molecule to target a specific DNA sequence and the Cas9 protein to cut the DNA. This enables the insertion, deletion or modification of specific genes.
  4. Transformation: Transformation is the process of introducing the recombinant DNA into a host organism. The host organism can be bacteria, plants, or animals, depending on the desired outcome of the genetic engineering process. The transformed host cell then expresses the desired protein or trait encoded by the foreign DNA.
  5. Screening and selection: After transformation, the genetically engineered organisms are screened to identify those that have the desired trait or protein. Various screening methods such as PCR, DNA sequencing, and bioassays can be used to identify the transformed organisms. The selected organisms can then be further propagated to generate a large population of genetically modified organisms.

The applications of genetic engineering are vast and include the production of recombinant proteins, genetically modified crops, gene therapy for genetic disorders, and the creation of animal models for research. However, ethical and safety concerns exist around the use of genetically modified organisms, and these are important considerations in the use of genetic engineering.

Third Year B Pharm Notes, Syllabus, Books, PDF Subjectwise/Topicwise

T Y B Pharm Sem VT Y B Pharm Sem VI
BP501T Medicinal Chemistry II TheoryBP601T Medicinal Chemistry III Theory
BP502T Industrial Pharmacy TheoryBP602T Pharmacology III Theory
BP503T Pharmacology II TheoryBP603T Herbal Drug Technology Theory
BP504T Pharmacognosy II TheoryBP604T Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Theory
BP505T Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence TheoryBP605T Pharmaceutical Biotechnology – Theory
BP506P Industrial Pharmacy I PracticalBP606T Quality Assurance Theory
BP507P Pharmacology II PracticalBP607P Medicinal chemistry III Practical
BP508P Pharmacognosy II PracticalBP608P Pharmacology III Practical
BP609P Herbal Drug Technology Practical

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